What is straight-run gasoline and where is it used?

Purpose of RAUM-2

The device is intended for producing synthetic gasoline “sintin” and high-quality diesel fuel from methane, or propane-butane (natural or household gas), at home.
In March 2012, I made changes to the RAUM-2 assembly manual to simplify the design of the device. The device is assembled from readily available materials.

It has small overall dimensions, which allows you to place it in any convenient place. The design is based on two long-known processes: the electrolysis of water and the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

The instructions for manufacturing the device contain everything necessary for its self-assembly (theory, principle of operation, drawings with detailed descriptions, description of the manufacturing and operation process itself). You can download the updated guide and literature on the topic at this link.

For those who decide to try to implement the RAUM-2 installation, I advise you to immediately start by assembling RAUM-4. RAUM-4 is one of my latest developments.

The main differences between RAUM-4 and RAUM-2

unlimited productivity;
the design itself has been simplified;
there is no electrolyzer, powerful transformer, current stabilizer, etc.;
requires less financial costs for the manufacture of the device;
automatic support of established modes;
more advanced technology.

Approximate Specifications

Electrical power consumption: 1500 W.
Methane consumption: 0.8-1.3 Cub.m.h.
Operating voltage: 220 V.
Continuous operation time: unlimited
The resulting fuel: gasoline and diesel fuel, which is identical in physical and chemical properties to oil.

At the request of site visitors, as an example, I provide a general view and drawing of the main reactor from my instructions:

If you have any ideas for improving Raum-2, or modernizing its units, write to me. I will be glad to any suggestions.

Purpose of RAUM-2

The device is intended for producing synthetic gasoline “sintin” and high-quality diesel fuel from methane, or propane-butane (natural or household gas), at home.

In March 2012, I made changes to the RAUM-2 assembly manual to simplify the design of the device. The device is assembled from readily available materials.

For those who decide to try to implement the RAUM-2 installation, I advise you to immediately start by assembling RAUM-4. RAUM-4 is one of my latest developments.

Making fuel for cars at home. Is it possible?

A little about the technology for creating ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel fuel at home. INFORMATION ARTICLE. NOT A GUIDE TO ACTION!

Problem: Can I make fuel for my car at home?

Watching modern reality shows, I couldn’t help but wonder, is it really possible to make fuel for your car yourself at home? I understand that it is unrealistic to make natural gasoline in artisanal conditions, but is it possible to obtain some derivatives from it or another type of fuel? Cars run on wood or on water. What kind of automobile fuel can you make yourself?

Answer:

If you're looking for an alternative fuel or you spend your time thinking about various apocalyptic scenarios, there are only two really workable options that are compatible with the engine systems we install in our cars and trucks, ethanol (one of the most suitable replacements for gasoline) and biodiesel (respectively replaces diesel fuel). Both options can be used to replace industrial fuels. Moreover, biodiesel can be poured into the tank of a conventional diesel engine with virtually no major changes. Ethyl alcohol is mixed in certain proportions with gasoline, from 10 to 85%. Attention! Not all gasoline internal combustion engines are capable of operating on such a mixture.

However, making the two above-mentioned substitutes for standard fuel is not so easy. Before trying to produce ethanol and biodiesel at home, you will need to study professional literature, purchase (or build) equipment, and create a functioning system capable of producing the required amount of fuel of the required quality. Of course, you shouldn’t forget about safety and don’t bother studying the legislation of the country in which you are located. It is possible that the production of certain volumes of surrogate fuel may be illegal.

And even if you study all the intricacies of production, it’s hardly worth counting on an inexpensive product (unless you have a hectare to sow for crops from which you can extract alcohol), the ingredients of a high-octane potion will also cost a pretty penny and the more expensive it will be, the smaller the wholesale you order.

Despite all the difficulties with studying a new production technology and purchasing expensive raw materials, the technology for creating fuel itself will be simple.

Instead of gasoline - moonshine!

Dmitry Sukhetsky and his “miracle of technology”!

“Dear editors!

What is going on with fuel prices?! They promised to “freeze” them, but they grow and grow. We send oil abroad, but we ourselves are without pants. I can no longer refuel my Ant (cargo scooter) with such “golden” gasoline, and without equipment in gardening I am without hands! What is the alternative?

Kostomarov A., village Nazarovo, Pushkinsky district.” Kostomarov A., village Nazarovo, Pushkinsky district.”

An alternative does exist - in some countries, vehicles are fueled with alcohol, because there it is cheaper than gasoline. And there are craftsmen who have adapted to ride... moonshine!

It is this fuel that the tractor runs on the farm of Dmitry Sukhetsky, a resident of the Kyiv region. It is unthinkable to cultivate one and a half hectares of crops without equipment. And the skilled peasant’s tractor turned out to be almost free.

“I bought or exchanged all the parts at the scrap metal delivery point,” lists Sukhetsky. - There are spare parts - even for a rocket! The engine and gearbox are from an old Pobeda, the carburetor is from the same Zhiguli. The wheels came from a seeder, the front axle came from a combine, the rear axle came from a GAZ-51 “shared”, the steering came from a forklift, the frame was homemade, from a channel, the hood cover was riveted from the door of a Dnepr refrigerator, the seat was removed from an Opel Kadetta "...

However, Dmitry Gavrilovich got to work to confirm one technical idea that had been bothering him for a long time. I kept files of “Technology for Youth” magazines and sighed about Brazil—many years ago, back during the Soviet Union, I visited there when I served in the merchant navy as a motor mechanic.

- This is a country - it is not afraid of any crisis! Alcohol is extracted from cane and fueled cars!

Last spring, when the price of fuel rose sharply - both gasoline and diesel fuel - Sukhetsky decided: he couldn’t stand it any longer!

“We don’t have oil reserves, and that’s okay.” But you can distill moonshine from almost anything! From carrion, pears and apples, from frozen potatoes and beets, there is so much left to rot in the fields, from cake, from sawdust even...

Dmitry Gavrilovich did not use any special tricks in the design of the tractor. Well, except that I heated the fuel line so that in the cold season the car would drink less moonshine, and polished the starting manifold. Sukhetsky is confident that this type of fuel will appeal to any production engine, including the Mercedes one. But they still don’t use it en masse solely out of inertia.

Now about the “fuel” itself. Moonshine must have a strength of at least 75 degrees - otherwise the engine will “sneeze” or won’t start. Sukhetsky achieves this effect by triple distillation of mash (I think there is no need to explain how to distill moonshine - both Russia and Ukraine have long-standing folk traditions of producing homemade “fire water”). The consumption of moonshine for a tractor is the same as gasoline. And since the inventor makes the “fuel” from waste raw materials, all kinds of waste, it costs him practically nothing.

In the village of Novoselitsa Vilshanskaya, there are different attitudes towards the invention of the former sailor. Men are more likely to criticize: where have you seen that, to pour booze into a gas tank! Women set Pan Dmitry as an example to their faithful. He doesn’t use it himself, but thanks to the tractor-breadwinner, the house is full. And it became easier for the old moonshiners to fight off the village police officer. They say that the police are completely behind the times - we are trying for the sake of technical progress!

Making ethanol at home

Production Features

Light products that are removed from the refrigeration tanks of oil refining equipment and catalytic cracking are not recognized as finished fuel for various types of engines. The mass contains deteriorating components that reduce quality indicators. Removal of petroleum acids, hydrogen sulfide, metal and organic impurities, nitrogen and oxygen compounds is required.

Aviation fuels are subject to higher requirements than motor gasoline, therefore the type of technological components is strictly limited:

direct petroleum products;
catalytic reforming components;
Alkylation additives.

Components from the isomerization of straight-run groups are allowed to be contained in fuel. The products obtained at the secondary distillation stage are not used for aviation gasoline, as are fractions with olefin hydrocarbons.

Treatment with alkalis and acids

These substances are used to remove unwanted impurities, chemical and physical purification methods, and the absorption of light products after oil distillation. Sulfuric acid removes aromatic and unsaturated organic compounds, resin, sulfur and nitrogen. Alkali removes hydrogen sulfide, petroleum acids, lower order mercaptans, and acidic products from solution after purification with sulfur.

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Catalytic and absorption purification removes asphalt, tar and other impurities from fuel. Artificial aluminosilicate, clay, and activated carbon are used as a process activator.

At the final stage, additional components are compounded (mixed) and improving additives are added . Compounding allows you to:

rationally and fully use the chemical and physical properties of gasoline groups obtained at a gasoline plant;
use all product resources after various processing processes;
obtain fuel that meets the required performance indicators for use.

Gasoline after the catalytic reforming process is used as the base raw material for fuel production. High octane components are used:

isooctane;
toluene;
alkylbenzene;
isopentane

To improve quality, basic components with the main characteristics of commercial products are used. Additives have properties that exceed the required parameters.

Alkylation of the mixture

The process reduces the content of aromatic molecules of hydrogen and carbon and reduces the evaporation of the substance. Alkylation increases the octane number of gasoline and reduces the vapor pressure. During the production process, aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene are replaced by MTAE and MTBE esters and alkylates.

This process reduces the severity requirements of catalytic reforming. Mild conditions extend the life of the catalyst and the period of operation of the unit between regenerations of the substance. As a result of alkylation, the amount of catalyst at the output increases, there is a reduced number of hydrocarbons in it, and the quality of purifying hydrogen improves.

Obtaining raw materials for the production of combustible alcohol at home

The biggest problem with creating flammable alcohol at home now, or in some hypothetical, apocalyptic future, is the raw material. In order to make a mash that can be distilled into fuel alcohol, you need some kind of seed or other plant material in large quantities. If you have a place to grow raw materials, there will be much fewer problems in monetary terms.

Ethanol is mainly made from corn. From every 40 acres it is possible to produce up to 1500 liters of ethyl alcohol per year . Among other crops, millet showed even greater efficiency; from the same area in 1 year, the yield exceeded 2200 liters of ethyl alcohol . Under ideal conditions, you can get 4500 liters with millet.

In the absence of acreage for growing corn, millet, sugar beets and other types of cultivated plants, producing alcohol at home will not be a viable project.

Making biodiesel at home

First of all, it is important to understand the difference between oil and biodiesel. Vegetable oil (SVO), waste vegetable oil (WVO) and similar animal fats can power a diesel engine, but they are not biodiesel.

The first option cannot be achieved without modifications to the engine. At a minimum, a system of coarse and fine filtration of vegetable oil waste will be required. The option is not very good for the engine.

It is preferable to produce biodiesel from SVO or WVO oils. The process is more complex and involves "breaking down" the chemical structure of fats or oils using methanol and lye. It is important to take the necessary precautions, as both methanol and lye are toxic substances.

The process of making biodiesel from SVO, in its most basic terms.

Heating the oil.

By adding a certain amount of mixed ingredients of methanol and alkali, they will facilitate a chemical process popularly known as transesterification.

The result of this process will be that two products will ultimately come out: biodiesel and glycerin, which will separate and settle to the bottom of the mixture.

Assembly and operation of equipment

The final installation price depends on the components used. It is not worth saving on them, since the process is associated with critical and high-temperature operations. Step-by-step assembly algorithm:

A metal canister of 30-35 liters can serve as a reactor. The thickness of the walls is enough, but the disadvantage is the small diameter of the neck, where it is inconvenient to pour the prepared mass.
The casing is a stainless steel container from an old washing machine, which promotes uniform heating.
We drill holes in the lid and weld in tubes to remove vapors.
The release of associated gas is helped by a built-in coil from the washing machine. We saw off the excess ends and carefully welded them.
We attach a tap to drain the oil to the coil, which acts as a cooler.
We equip a shutter valve from a glass jar with a closed lid. The hose then goes to the burner, which allows additional heating of the reactor with associated gas.

As a result of cycling of associated gases, the process requires minimal heating of the mass. An example of a device for distilling gasoline from garbage is shown in the video.

Read new ideas about business in the garage and with homemade equipment on our Zen channel and watch video instructions in Yandex Collections.

Obtaining raw materials for biodiesel production at home

The great thing about biodiesel is that you can make it from a huge range of vegetable oils and animal fats (and could even theoretically get free feedstock from local restaurants). The process of obtaining raw materials is as simple as one, two, three. Contact local restaurants, find out if they can eat waste vegetable oils, find a way to transport it home. Ready!

Without a ready source of waste cooking oil, obtaining the raw materials to create your own biodiesel becomes more difficult. Buy oil in stores to add to the diesel fuel invoice item.

Another option is to create your own cooking oil. The process is lengthy and impractical. Maybe in a distant hypothetical post-apocalyptic future, when all other resources are exhausted, this will be economically feasible, but not now.

Bottom line: With the proper knowledge of technology and technical means, it is somewhat easier to make ethyl alcohol for cars than biodiesel fuel. However, without using the grown material for processing, creating homemade fuel turns into an expensive pleasure.

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Distillation methods

Oil distillation is carried out in two ways. In the first method, the oil is gradually heated, in the process low-boiling hydrocarbons are released from it, then naphtha, and finally heavy fuel oil, kerosene and diesel groups are released. Heating is carried out to a temperature of 350 °C, after which the oil becomes tarred due to unstable compounds and cokes the production unit.

In the second method, the process of fractional condensation occurs. The oil heats up quickly until heavy kerosene groups begin to boil, resulting in condensate evaporation and rectification. The liquid is separated into pure components with different boiling points after the vapors condense. Then the oil product is stabilized and purified from oxygen, unsaturated and sulfur components.

After the first distillation, a small amount of low-quality gasoline fractions (about 12−24%) with low purity is obtained. Destructive technologies are used to increase yield and improve quality indicators. Secondary distillation is used to change the composition and hydrocarbon structure of the mixture. Secondary conversion processes increase the production of marketable products, but are expensive and technologically complex.

The completion is the mixing of direct distillation groups with fractions of the secondary process. Compounding allows you to obtain the required product parameters, while the properties of the constituent components are rationally used.

Technological processes are divided into the following main types:

catalytic reforming;
catalytic cracking.

The first technology remains the main direction of gasoline production, despite restrictive bans regarding the content of aromatic hydrocarbons. As a result, a large number of high-octane components and hydrogen are released. Standards for the concentration of sulfur in fuel are being tightened, so hydrogen is required for the process of getting rid of sulfur. The share of reforming in the production process is reduced due to the uneven distribution of octane indicators among the catalytic fractions.

Catalytic reforming

The technology is used for the production of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and simple hydrogen substances. The process is carried out in the presence of aluminosilicate catalysts. The product contains large amounts of iron as a result of reaction with aluminum sulfate during the wet processing stage. Iron in active form is located on the catalyst and worsens reforming performance.

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There are two types of catalytic reforming:

aromatization - individual hydrocarbon compounds are released;
upgrading of petroleum products - gasoline with a high concentration of hydrocarbons and a high octane number is produced.

The raw material in the heat exchanger is mixed with hydrocleaning air and water-containing gas, then heated in the initial part of the furnace. The mass enters the purification reactor, where it is freed from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen impurities. After cooling, the mixture of gases and vapors enters the purification separator, where it is split under pressure into purified gasoline and circulation gas.

The purified product passes through several separation devices that operate under low and high pressure. In them, reactionary water vapor and volatile organic matter are released from the mass. The gas is purified from hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen in an absorbent unit when interacting with ethanol, then mixed with raw materials. Gasoline from the separator enters the steaming container, and the remaining impurities are removed from the product.

A stable, purified petroleum product is removed from the bottom of the tank and passes through a heat exchanger. It is then mixed with reformed gas, which contains hydrogen sulfide. After passing through the second section of the heating furnace, it enters the platforming triple reactor battery. The mass is cooled to 30 °C and separated into liquid catalyst and gas in a high-pressure separator. The latter is returned to the purification system, and gasoline is removed, cooled and fractionated.

Technological cracking

Cracking involves breaking molecules into small pieces. Secondary oil refining is carried out to increase the total amount of gasoline produced. The yield of light motor fuels increases by a third, while resistance to detonation and temperature stability increases, and the range of chemical raw materials from processing expands.

Cracking is carried out in the following ways:

thermal process at high temperatures without a catalyst;
catalytic interaction;
hydrocracking in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst.

Diesel fuel, which contains heavy fractional groups, passes through a stripping tank. The resulting commercial products are cooled in refrigerators or heat exchangers and removed for further processing. One part of the heavy components is fed into the reactor after mixing with the raw materials, the remainder is used to irrigate the lower section of the column.

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Heavy masses combined with catalyst dust are fed into the sludge separation section. At the outlet, the sludge is sent back to the reactor, and the liquid enriched with hydrocarbon compounds is collected. The catalyst from the boiling reactor is lowered into the stripping zone after its activation has decreased and mixed with air in the mixing unit. The air mass carries the catalyst into the converter to produce a fluidized bed.

The gases that evaporate during the coke burning stage are fed into a recovery boiler, passed through an electric dust filter and released into the atmosphere. The converted catalyst from the lower reducing agent region rises into the catalyst line, is mixed with the feedstock and sent to the reactor.

Main units for catalytic cracking:

cracking reactor;
fluidized bed catalyst converter.

The device for fluidized bed reactions is a cylindrical unit with a diameter of 4 m, its height reaches 40 m. An upper fitting is provided for steam outlet. The lower pipe is used to collect used catalyst. Inside the reactor contains 3 zones:

for steaming;
reactionary;
settling tank

In the stripping zone, water vapor is freed from hydrocarbons, which are released with the help of catalytic substances. In the reaction area there is a fluidized catalyst bed, which is supported by raw material vapors at a height of up to 6 m. The density of the interlayer is 420 kg/m3. The reactors produce up to 750−850 tons of product per day.